By Mark Stone, Asia Correspondent, in Beijing
China is facing calls to ban the sale of "torture tools" which Chinese manufacturers are producing in increasing numbers.
According to a report by Amnesty International and Omega Research Foundation, Chinese companies, many of which are state-owned, are increasingly active in promoting their equipment at trade fairs globally.
Spiked baton. Pic: Amnesty International/Robin Ballantyne China does not impose restrictions on which countries it sells to, increasing the availability of inhumane law enforcement equipment to regimes with bad human rights records.
It has an increasing economic and trade footprint across the globe with a particular 'soft power' focus in Africa where there are plenty of questionable governments in power.
The report highlights several Chinese-made items of particular concern:
1. Spiked Baton
The report authors say China is the only country to mass-produce batons with spikes built into them.
Two types are known to be on the open market: one is a regular plastic baton with metal spikes at its tip.
The second is a metal baton with metal spikes running down its length.
Twenty-one Chinese companies are said to make the batons, seven of which offer international sales.
2. Weighted leg cuffs
China's domestic use of these tools was highlighted in 2005 when the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture visited a prison in Beijing.
He discovered prisoners on death row wearing 3kg leg cuffs for 24 hours a day.
Seventeen Chinese company offer these devices, of which six sell abroad.
Thumb cuffs. Pic: Amnesty International/Robin Ballantyne 3. Thumb cuffs
According to the report, "these cuffs mechanically fix a detainee's thumbs together ... some have serrated inner edges that can pierce the skin if the cuffs are tightened."
Thirty-two Chinese companies manufacture thumb cuffs and 15 actively advertise them on English language websites.
4. Neck combination cuffs
These are devices which simultaneously fasten around the neck and wrists.
There is evidence they are in use in China, but no indications that they have been sold abroad yet.
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